Summary: Human-induced warming has already reached about 1вЊ above pre-industrial levels at the time of writing of this Special Report. The risks posed by global warming of 1.5вЊ are greater than for present-day conditions but lower than at 2вЊ. This is particularly true for developing and island countries in the tropics and other vulnerable countries and areas. The combination of rising exposure to climate change and the fact that there is a limited capacity to adapt to its impacts amplifies the risks posed by warming of 1.5вЊ and 2вЊ. In 2016, the IPCC accepted the invitation, adding that the Special Report would also look at these issues in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. The request was that the report, known as SR1.5, should not only assess what a 1.5вЊ warmer world would look like but also the different pathways by which global temperature rise could be limited to 1.5вЊ. With the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the UNFCCC invited the IPCC to provide a Special Report in 2018 on вЂthe impacts of global warming of 1.5вЊ above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emissions pathwaysвЂ™. The findings of the SED, in turn, fed into the draft decision adopted at COP21. Specifically on strengthening the temperature limit of 2вЊ, the SEDвЂ™s key message was: вЂWhile science on the 1.5вЊ warming limit is less robust, efforts should be made to push the defence line as low as possibleвЂ™. The SED report also suggested that Parties would profit from restating the temperature limit of the long-term global goal as a вЂdefence lineвЂ™ or вЂbuffer zoneвЂ™, instead of a вЂguardrailвЂ™ up to which all would be safe, adding that this new understanding would вЂprobably also favour emission pathways that will limit warming to a range of temperatures below 2вЊвЂ™. The final report of the SED 6 concluded that вЂin some regions and vulnerable ecosystems, high risks are projected even for warming above 1.5вЊвЂ™. This was a fact-finding, face-to-face exchange of views between invited experts and UNFCCC delegates. The agreement also recognised the need to consider вЂstrengthening the long-term global goal on the basis of the best available scientific knowledgeвЂ¦to a global average temperature rise of 1.5вЊвЂ™.Д«eginning in 2013 and ending at the COP21 in Paris in 2015, the first review period of the long-term global goal largely consisted of the Structured Expert Dialogue (SED). The definition of LTGG in the Cancun Agreement was вЂto hold the increase in global average temperature below 2вЊ above pre-industrial levelsвЂ™. The Cancun Agreement established a process to periodically review the вЂadequacy of the long-term global goal (LTGG) in the light of the ultimate objective of the Convention and the overall progress made towards achieving the LTGG, including a consideration of the implementation of the commitments under the ConventionвЂ™. The first UNFCCC document to mention a limit to global warming of 1.5вЊ was the Cancun Agreement, adopted at the sixteenth COP (COP16) in 2010. The first instrument of its kind, the landmark agreement includes the aim to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by вЂholding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2вЊ above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5вЊ above pre-industrial levelsвЂ™. In doing so, these countries, through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), also invited the IPCC to provide a Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5вЊ above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emissions pathways.ДЄt the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in December 2015, 195 nations adopted the Paris Agreement 5. In recognition of this, the overwhelming majority of countries around the world adopted the Paris Agreement in December 2015, the central aim of which includes pursuing efforts to limit global temperature rise to 1.5вЊ. Summary: Climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet.

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